Daily Care,Vaccination and Medication of Broiler
BROILERS
Caring Broilers
Broilers are young chicken of either sex of six to eight weeks of age, tender meat with soft, pliable, smooth textured skin and flexible breast bone cartilage.
Housing: Provide
930 cm2 floor spaces per broiler chick. Provision must be made for adequate
ventilation. The general management of broiler chicks is similar to those
discussed under egg type chicks.
Feeding: Provide up
to 2 weeks 5 cm and from 3 weeks to finish 10 cm linear feeder space per bird.
Raise the level of the feeder as the birds grow. Do not fill the feeder more
than half. If tube feeders are used, provide 3 nos. of 12 kg capacity feeders
per 100 chicks.
Composition
of broiler ration/feed
| 
Ingredient | 
Percentage
  inclusion | |
| 
Starter
  (0-5 weeks) | 
Finisher
  (6-7 weeks) | |
| 
Yellow Maize | 
47.00 | 
54.50 | 
| 
Rice polish | 
8.00 | 
10.00 | 
| 
Soybean meal | 
17.50 | 
14.00 | 
| 
Groundnut cake (expeller) | 
15.00 | 
11.00 | 
| 
Unsalted dried fish | 
10.00 | 
8.00 | 
| 
Mineral mixture | 
2.00 | 
2.00 | 
| 
Salt | 
0.50 | 
0.50 | 
| 
100.00 | 
100.00 | |
Alternatively commercial broiler
starter and finisher rations prepared by reputed feed manufacturers can be
given.
Watering
- Provide for 100
     chicks of 0-2 weeks - 2 x 2 liters capacity waters.
- 3 weeks to finish
     - 2 x 5 liters capacity waters.
- Ensure clean
     fresh water always.
- Exercise extreme
     care and attention during the brooding period. If the losses in the first
     few days exceed 2%, carefully check the brooding management and get the
     postmortem examination done.
- Reduce brooder
     temperature every week by 3oC. When the brooder is removed provide one
     40-watts bulb for every 250 broilers during night.
- To ascertain
     approximate quantity of feed and water that 100 broilers consume per day,
     the following formula given will be useful.
o    Kg feed
per 100 birds - Age in days/4.4
o    Litres of
water per 100 birds - Age in days/2.0
- The above formula
     will give approximate figures under average conditions. Depending on the
     season of the year, there is likely to be variations in the range of
     5-10%.
Watering
of Chicks
Vaccination
programme for broiler chicken
| 
Age | 
Disease | 
Vaccine | 
Route | 
| 
0-5 days | 
RD | 
Lasota or F vaccine | 
Occulonasal | 
| 
10-14 days | 
IBD | 
IBD Live | 
Drinking water | 
| 
24-28 days | 
IBD | 
Drinking water | 
Production
of Hatching Eggs
If hatching eggs are to be produced, cockerels have to be maintained. Rear at the rate of 15 cockerels per 100 pullets, cull- down to 12 cockerels at 10 weeks of age. For mating, provide one cock for 10-15 pullets of light breeds and 6-8 pullets of heavy breeds. Collect hatching eggs two weeks after introduction of males.
If hatching eggs are to be produced, cockerels have to be maintained. Rear at the rate of 15 cockerels per 100 pullets, cull- down to 12 cockerels at 10 weeks of age. For mating, provide one cock for 10-15 pullets of light breeds and 6-8 pullets of heavy breeds. Collect hatching eggs two weeks after introduction of males.
Gather hatching eggs 3 to 4 times
a day. In hot or cold season increase the frequency of collections. As soon as
the eggs are collected, store them at a temperature between 10 and 16oC with a
relative humidity of 70 - 80%. Select eggs for hatching that meet the weight
requirement and that are normal in shape, colour and texture. While storing and
transporting hatching eggs, keep them with broad end up and handle the eggs
very gently. If possible either set the eggs for incubation or market hatching
eggs twice a week. Never hold hatching eggs for more than one week under
ordinary conditions of storage.
Hatching
conditions: the
incubation period of chicken egg is 21 days. For successful hatching, eggs
require specific conditions of temperature, turning and ventilation
Specific
conditions for hatching 
| 
Temperature | 
1-18 days 19-21 days | 
37.5 – 37.8oC 36.9 –37.5oC | 
| 
Humidity | 
60% up to 18 days | 
70% thereafter | 
| 
Turning | 
Once every 4 hours up to 18 days | 
  - | 
| 
Ventilation | 
1-18 days 19-21 days | 
8 changes/hour 12 changes/hour | 
Candling: Candle the
eggs twice during incubation – one on 7th day and the other on 18-19 days of
incubation. Transfer the eggs to the hatches after candling on 18th day.
Candling
Disease
Control Guidelines
Diseases are likely where larger numbers of birds are reared in confinement. Therefore, a planned programme for the prevention and control of diseases in the poultry houses is a crucial factor in profitable poultry farming. The following general principles are to be followed.
Diseases are likely where larger numbers of birds are reared in confinement. Therefore, a planned programme for the prevention and control of diseases in the poultry houses is a crucial factor in profitable poultry farming. The following general principles are to be followed.
- Clean the house
     at least two weeks before housing a new batch of birds.
- Remove all old
     litter and equipment. Clean the ceiling, walls and floor. Thorough
     sweeping and washing followed by treatment with disinfectants are
     necessary.
- Wash, disinfect
     and dry the equipment before placing in the house.
- Clean the light reflectors
     replace burnt out bulbs and check electric connections.
- Keep all wild
     birds, rats, dogs and cats out of the farm.
- Do not allow
     visitors into the poultry houses.
- Burn or bury all
     dead birds immediately.
- Clean the waters
     and feeders daily with 1% ammonia solution.
- Change foot-bath
     at the entrance of poultry house daily.
- Adhere to strict
     sanitation in and around the poultry house.
- Remove wet litter
     immediately.
- Look for signs of
     ill health in the flock every time you enter the poultry house.
- Deworm the birds
     as and when required after peak production.
- If any disease is
     suspected, immediately obtain accurate diagnosis and follow
     recommendations of the poultry specialist consulted.
Mycotoxins in
feed
Chicken show varying degrees of
sensitivity to different mycotoxins. Presence of mycotoxins in feed is found to
cause depressed growth in chickens, depressed egg production and egg weight in
laying hens. It adversely affects fertility and hatchability also. Ducks are
more sensitive to mycotoxins than chicken. 
The feed ingredients and feed should be free from mycotoxins. Moisture content above 11% leads to mould growth. Spoilage during storage can be avoided by drying, keeping in air tight bins and reducing storage humidity. Screening of feed ingredients and compounded feed may be carried out regularly. Toxin binders and mould inhibitors may be added to feed for safety.
The feed ingredients and feed should be free from mycotoxins. Moisture content above 11% leads to mould growth. Spoilage during storage can be avoided by drying, keeping in air tight bins and reducing storage humidity. Screening of feed ingredients and compounded feed may be carried out regularly. Toxin binders and mould inhibitors may be added to feed for safety.
Disinfectants
and their use
1.    
Lysol: Used as a 1-2% solution. Effective general disinfectant,
suitable for instrument; poultry equipments, foot-bath etc;
2.    
Lime (CaOH powder): An inexpensive general disinfectant can be
used as a white wash to walls. 2-5% solution will destroy most pathogenic
organisms and their spores. Highly corrosive to skin.
3.    
Bleaching powder: May be used as floor disinfectant in empty
houses.
4.    
Phenols (Cresol): Less toxic but costly. Usually used as a 2-4%
solution for disinfecting poultry houses and equipments.
The
general guide for vaccination for chicken
| 
Name
  of Vaccine | 
Route | 
Age
  of birds | 
| 
La Sota or F vaccine Ranikhet | 
Intranasal drop | 
3 to 7 days | 
| 
Marek's vaccine (in Hatchery) | 
Intramuscular | 
1 day | 
| 
Infectious Bronchitis (1st dose) | 
Eye drops | 
2 - 3 weeks | 
| 
La Sota Ranikhet | 
Drinking water | 
5 - 6 weeks | 
| 
Fowl Pox (1st dose) | 
Wing Web | 
7 - 8 weeks | 
| 
R2B Ranikhet | 
Sub cut or Intramuscular | 
9 - 10 weeks | 
| 
Infectious Bronchitis | 
Eye drop or drinking water | 
16 weeks | 
| 
Fowl Pox (2nd dose) | 
Skin Scarification | 
18 weeks | 
| 
La Sota (if necessary) Ranikhet | 
Drinking Water | 
20 weeks | 
| 
La Sota (if necessary) Ranikhet | 
Drinking Water | 
40 weeks | 
| 
IBD : | ||
| 
Mildly invasive vaccine | 
Drinking Water | 
0 - 3 day | 
| 
Intermediately invasive vaccine | 
Drinking Water | 
15th day | 
| 
Intermediately invasive vaccine | 
Drinking Water | 
28-30th day | 


 
 
 
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